Communication and Network

Modulation
Modulation is the addition of information (or the signal) to an electronic or optical signal carrier. Modulation can be applied to direct current (mainly by turning it on and off), to alternating current, and to optical signals. One can think of blanket waving as a form of modulation used in smoke signal transmission (the carrier being a steady stream of smoke).

Demodulation
Demodulation is the act of extracting the original information-bearing signal from a modulated carrier wave. A demodulator is an electronic circuit (or computer program in a software defined radio) that is used to recover the information content from the modulated carrier wave.

Bandwidth
Bandwidth is often used as a synonym for data transfer rate - the amount of data that can be carried from one point to another in a given time period (usually a second). This kind of bandwidth is usually expressed in bits (of data) per second.

TCP/IP
TCP/IP model is a description framework for computer network protocols created in the 1970s by DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense. It evolved from ARPANET, which was the world's first wide area network and a predecessor of the Internet. The TCP/IP Model is sometimes called the Internet Model or the DoD Model.

Node
In networks, a processing location. A node can be a computer or some other device, such as a printer. Every node has a unique network address, sometimes called a Data Link Control (DLC) address or Media Access Control (MAC) address.

Client
A client is the requesting program or user in a client/server relationship. For example, the user of a Web browser is effectively making client requests for pages from servers all over the Web. The browser itself is a client in its relationship with the computer that is getting and returning the requested HTML file. The computer handling the request and sending back the HTML file is a server.

Server
A computer or device on a network that manages network resources. There are many different types of servers.

Network Operating Systems
An operating system that includes special functions for connecting computers and devices into a local-area network (LAN). The term network operating system, however, is generally reserved for software that enhances a basic operating system by adding networking features.

Network Administrator
A network administrator is a person responsible for the maintenance of computer hardware and software that comprises a computer network. This normally includes deploying, configuring,maintaining and monitoring active network equipment.

Secondary Storage

Disk caching

A soft disk cache works by storing the most recently accessed data in the RAM cache. When a program needs to access new data, the operating system first checks to see if the data is in the cache before reading it from the disk. Because computers can access data from RAM much faster than from a disk, disk caching can significantly increase performance. Many cache systems also attempt to predict what data will be requested next so they can place that data in the cache ahead of time.

File compression

File compression is the practice of packaging a file or files to use less disk space. The File Compression category includes software programs that will archive your files and extract archived files such as ZIP and RAR files. Many products in this category let you manage files and protect them with encryption. Notable titles include WinZip, WinRAR, and 7-Zip.

Internet hard drive
Internet hard drive is to offer a means of accessing your computer files (pictures, documents, music, videos, etc.) from any computer, as long as that computer has access to the Internet.

Optical disc drive

Optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves near the light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read from discs, but recent drives are commonly both readers and recorders. Recorders are sometimes called burners or writers. Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common types of optical media which can be read and recorded by such drives.

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  Solid-state storage

  Solid-state storage is a nonvolatile, removable storage medium that employs integrated circuits (ICs) rather than magnetic or optical media. It is the equivalent of large-capacity,nonvolatile memory. Examples include flash memory Universal Serial Bus (USB) devices and various proprietary removable packages intended to replace external hard drives.
  

  

  
  

Input and Output

Ergonomic Keyboard
An ergonomic keyboard is a computer keyboard that are specially designed with ergonomic considerations to decrease muscle strain and a host of related problems. This keyboard is tyipically designed in a V shape to enable right and left hands to type at a slight angle more natural to the human form.

Ink-jet printer
An ink-jet printer is a type of computer printer that creates a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto a paper. This printer seems to be the most commonly used type of printer. Ink-jet printers are capable of producing high quality print approaching that produced by laser printers.

Laser Printer
A laser printer is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper. As with digital photocopiers and multifunction printers (MFPs), laser printers gives a xerographic printing process, but differ from analog photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of a laser beam across the printer's photoreceptor.

Magnetic-ink character
In computing, a technique that enables special characters printed in magnetic ink to be read and input rapidly to a computer. MICR is used extensively in banking because magnetic-ink characters can be machine-read with much greater accuracy than human reading or otheroptical character recognition (OCR) systems, and are therefore ideal for marking and identifying the account and sort code numbers on cheques. 

Optical-character recognition
Optical-character recognition is the mechanical or electronic translation of scanned images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into machine-encoded text. It is widely used to convert books and documents into electronic files, to computerize a record-keeping system in an office, or to publish the text on a website. OCR makes it possible to edit the text, search for a word or phrase, store it more compactly, display or print a copy free of scanning artifacts, and apply techniques such as machine translation, text-to-speech and text mining to it.


Optical-mark recognition
Optical-mark recognition is the process of capturing human-marked data from document forms such as surveys and tests.

System Unit

RAM
Random access memory is also known as RAM. It is a form of computer data storage. It takes the form of integrated circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any order with a worst case performance of constant time.

Cache
Cache is a component that transparently keeps data so that if in the future the data is wanted, it can be served faster. The data that is stored within a cache might be values that have been computed earlier or duplicates of original values that are stored elsewhere. If the wanted data is containted in the cache (cache hit), this request can be served by reading the cache, which is more faster.

ROM

Read-only memory is also known as ROM is a category of storage medium used in computers and other electronic devices. The data in ROM cannot be changed or can be changed but in a very difficult way. Therefore, it is mainly used to distribute firmware. 

Flash Memory

Flash memory is a non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It is basically used in memory cards, USB, MP3 player and solid-state drives for general storage and transfer of data between computers and other digital products. 

Graphic Card

Graphics card is an expansion card whose affair is to accomplish output images to a display. Most video cards offer added functions, such as accelerated rendering of 3D scenes and 2D graphics, video capture, TV-tuner adapter, MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoding, FireWire, light pen, TV output, or the ability to connect multiple monitors (multi-monitor).

Sound Card

Sound card is also known as audio card is an inside computer expansion card that furthers the input and output of audio signals to and from computer under control of computer programs. The word sound card is also related to external audio interfaces to generate sounds as opposed to using hardware inside the PC.

Network Interface Card

Network interface card is an abstract as NIC. It is an expansion board that inserts into a computer so that the computer can be connected to a network. Most NICs are build for a certain type of network, protocol, and media, although some can serve multiple networks.

Plug and Play

Plug and play is a term used to describe the characteristic of a computer bus, or device specification, which facilitates the discovery of a hardware component in a system, without the need for physical device configuration, or user intervention in resolving resource conflicts.

Universal Serial Bus(USB)

Universal serial bus(USB) is designed to authorize communication between devices and a host controller, which has effectively changed a variety of previous interfaces such as serial and parallel ports. USB was designed for personal computers, but it has become commonplace on other devices such as smartphones, PDAs and video game consoles, and as a power cord.

Serial Port

Serial port is a serial communication physical interface through which information transfer in or out one little at a time. Throughout most of the history of personal computers, data transfer through serial ports connected the computer to devices such as terminals and various peripherals.

Parallel Port 

Parallel port is for connecting an external device such as a printer. Parallel port is also a parallel communication physical interface. It is also known as a printer port. A newer type of parallel port, which supports the same connectors as the Centronics interface, is the EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port) or ECP (Extended Capabilities Port).

FireWall Port

A firewall is a device that controls network traffic. Generally a firewall is configured to block certain inbound ports directed at your local network, but to allow most outbound traffic to travel to the Internet. Holes or conduits are opened through the firewall to allow access to systems on your local network like your web server.

Ethernet Port

Ethernet port is an opening on computer network equipment that Ethernet cable plug into. These ports are alternatively called jacks or sockets. Ethernet ports accept cable with RJ-45 connectors.

High Definition Multimedia Interface(HDMI)

High definition multimedia interface(HDMI) is a compact audio or video interface for transmitting uncompressed digital data. It is a digital alternative to consumer analog standards, such as radio frequency(RF) coaxial cable, composite video, S-Video, SCART, component video,D-Terminal, or VGA. HDMI connects digital audio/video sources (such as set-top boxes, DVD players, HD DVD players, Blu-ray Disc players, AVCHD camcorders, personal computers (PCs), video game consoles such as the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and AV receivers) to compatible digital audio devices, computer monitors, video projectors, and digital televisions.

Basic and Specialized Software Application

Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Graphical user interface (GUI), sometimes pronounced gooey, is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices with images rather than text commands. GUIs can be used in computers, hand-held devices such as MP3 players, portable media players or gaming devices, household appliances and office equipment.


Word Processor
A word processor is a computer application used for the production of any type of printable materials. Word processor is also known as stand-alone office machine.


Spreadsheet
 A spreadsheet is a computer application that simulates a paper, accounting worksheet. It displays multiple cells usually in a two-dimensional matrix or grid consisting of rows and columns. Each cell contains alphanumeric text, numeric values or formulas. 


DBMS(Database Management System)
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software system for archiving files within a structured database such that previously saved versions are traceable and may be recovered in a systematic way. It is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of a database. It allows organizations to place control of database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists.


Utility Suites
Utility software is a type of system software made to help analyze, configure, optimize and help maintaining the computer. Utility software should be contrasted with application software, which allows users to be able do to things like creating text documents,listening to music or surfing the web.


Web Authoring
Web authoring is to enables the user to develop a web site in a desktop publishing format. This software will generate the required HTML code for the layout based on the designed by the user.


Audio Editing Software
Audio editing software is a software application for audio editing.


Bitmap Images
Bitmap is a type of memory organization or image file format used to store digital image. Bitmap graphics formats have a fixed resolution which means that resizing a bitmap graphic can result in distortion and jagged edges.


Html Editor
An HTML editor is a software application for creating web pages. Although the HTML markup of a web page can be written with any text editor, specialized HTML editors can offer convenience and added functionality.


Image Editor
Image editor is a program that provides lots of variety of special features for altering bit-mapped image. There are actually differences between image editor and paint programs. The differences is paint programs is not always clear-cut while image editor on the other hand are specialized for modifying bit-mapped images.


Multimedia
Basically multimedia is the integration of multiple forms of media.


Vector Images
Vector images are a collection of individual objects rather than picture elements. A vector image can be composed of points connected by lines, or nodes (control points) connected by Bezier curves.

The Internet, The Web & Electronic Commerce

Url
Url is known as Uniform Resource Identifier that specifies where a known resource is available and the mechanism for retrieving it. In popular usage and in many technical documents and verbal discussions it is often incorrectly used as a synonym for URI.

HTML
Html is which stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. HTML is the basic building-blocks of webpages. HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags, enclosed in angle brackets (like <html>), within the web page content.

Javascript

JavaScript is an implementation of the ECMAScript language standard and is primarily used in the form of client-side JavaScript, implemented as part of a web browser in order to provide enhanced user interfaces and dynamic websites. This enables programmatic access to computational objects within a host environment.

Applets
Applet is any small application that performs one specific task that runs within the scope of a larger program, often as a plug-in. An applet typically also refers to Java applets example programs written in the Java programming language that are included in a web page. The word Applet was first used in 1993 by the application AppleScript.

Blogs
A blog is basically a type of website or part of a website. Blogs are usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order. Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog. There are examples for blogs such as Blogger or Tumblr.

Wikis

Basically, wiki is a website that gives the creation and editing of any number interlinked web pages. Wikis are naturally powered by wiki software and are often used collaboratively by multiple users.Community websites, corporate intranets, knowledge management systems, and note services are the examples. 

FTP
FTP actually stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is the standard network protocol used to copy a file from one to another over a TCP based network, for example is the Internet. FTP is made on a client-server architecture and utilizes separate control and data connections between the client and server.

Plug-In
The plug in is a piece of software which improves another software application and usually cannot be run independently. Usually plugin is a file that contains informations. There are some fields that requires translation. 


Filters
Filters is a program that is designed to accept a certain specific data as an input and transform it and outputs the transformed data.

Internet Security Suite
Internet security suite is regarding of maintaining the security of the computer. This security helps to prevent from getting virus, spams, firewalls and such. These are to protect the computer so it won't get corrupted.

Careers in IT

Webmaster
Webmaster is called a web architect, web developer, site author, website administrator, or webmistress for females, is a human responsible for having one or a few more websites. The duties of the webmaster may include making sure that the web servers, hardware and software are operating accurately, designing the website, generating and revising web pages, answering to user comments, and examining traffic through the site. Webmasters must also be well-versed in Web transaction software, payment-processing software, and security software.

Computer Support Specialist
Computer support specialists is used to help people use the computers. When something goes wrong, support specialists figures out why for us. Then, they would try to fix the problem.
Most support specialists answer questions over the phone or by e-mail. Others also help people face-to-face in order for them to fix the problem. To answer a problem over the phone, the specialist takes the person through the necessary steps to fix the problem using their own computer.

Technical Writer

A technical writer is a profesional writer who designs, creates, and maintains technical documentation. This documentation involves online help, user guides, white papers, design specifications, system manuals, and other documents.

Engineers, scientists, and other professionals may also make technical writing, most of the time handing their work to a professional technical writer for proofreading, editing, and formatting. A technical writer produces technical documentation for technical, business, and consumer audiences.

Software Engineer
Software engineer is a profession dedicated to designing, implementing, and modifying software so that it is of higher quality, more affordable, maintainable, and faster to build. It is a "systematic approach to the analysis, design, assessment, implementation, test, maintenance and reengineering of software, that is, the application of engineering to software".

Network Administrator
A network administrator is a person who is in charge for the maintenance of computer hardware and software that comprises a computer network. This normally involves deploying, configuring, maintaining and monitoring active network equipment. A related role is that of the network specialist, or network analyst, who gives full attention on network design and security.

Database Adminstrator

A database administrator (DBA) is a person who are in charge for the design, implementation, maintenance and repair of an organization's database.Computer databases that keeps information are found in nearly most of every industry. Data must be stored, organized, and managed. Database administrators work with database software to find steps to do this. They identify user needs, set up computer databases, and test systems. They ensure that systems perform as they should and add people to the system as needed. Database administrators often plan security measures. Data integrity, backup, and security are critical parts of the job.

System Analyst

A systems analyst researches problems, plans solutions, recommends software and systems, and coordinates development to meet business or other requirements.Computer systems analysts start their work by asking people what they need their computers to do. Then, they plan a computer system that can do those tasks well. A system can be involve many computers working together and different types of software and other tools.

Programmer
A programmer, computer programmer or coder is someone who writes computer software. The term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area of computer programming or to a generalist who writes code for many kinds of software. One who practices or professes a formal approach to programming may also be known as a programmer analyst.